Republic of India
Bhārat Gaṇarājya
Flag
State emblem
Motto:
"
Satyameva Jayate
"
(
Sanskrit
)
"Truth Alone Triumphs"
Anthem:
"
Jana Gana Mana
"
(
Hindi
)
[2]
"Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"
National song
"
Vande Mataram
"
(
Sanskrit
)
"I Bow to Thee, Mother"
Capital
New Delhi
28°36.8′N
77°12.5′E
Largest city
Mumbai
18°58′30″N
72°49′33″E
Officiallanguages
Hindi
·
English
[b]
[6]
India
India
, officially the
Republic of India
(
Bhārat Gaṇarājya
),
[e]
is a country in
South Asia
. It is the
seventh-largest
country
by area, the
second-most populous
country
(with over
1.2 billion people
), and the most
populous
democracy
in the world. It is
bounded by the
Indian Ocean
on the south,
the
Arabian Sea
on the southwest, and the
Bay of Bengal
on the southeast. It shares
land borders with
Pakistan
to the west;
[f]
China
,
Nepal
, and
Bhutan
to the northeast;
and
Myanmar (Burma)
and
Bangladesh
to
the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the
vicinity of
Sri Lanka
and the
Maldives
.
India's
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
share
a maritime border with
Thailand
and
Indonesia
.
The
Indian subcontinent
was home to the
urban
Indus Valley Civilisation
of the 3rd
millennium
BCE
— one of the world's
earliest civilizations
.
[19]
[g]
In the following
millennium, the oldest scriptures associated
with
Hinduism
began to be composed.
Large scale urbanization occurred on the
Ganges in the first millennium BCE leading
to the
Mahajanapadas
, and
Buddhism
and
Jainism
arose. Early political consolidations
took place under the
Maurya
and
Gupta
empires
; the later peninsular
Middle
Kingdoms
influenced cultures as far as
Southeast Asia
. In the medieval era,
Judaism
,
Zoroastrianism
,
Christianity
, and
Islam
arrived, and
Sikhism
emerged, all
adding to the region's
diverse culture
. Much
of the north fell to the
Delhi sultanate
; the
south was united under the
Vijayanagara
Empire
. The country was unified in the 17th
century by the
Mughal Empire
. In the 18th
century, the subcontinent came under the
[1]
[3]
[2]
[a]
[1]
[2]
Area controlled by India shown in dark green;
claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light
green.
0:00
MENU
Coordinates
:
21°N
78°E
India - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India
1 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
Recognised
regionallanguages
National language
None
[8]
[9]
[10]
Religion
79.8%
Hinduism
14.2%
Islam
2.3%
Christianity
1.7%
Sikhism
0.7%
Buddhism
0.4%
Jainism
0.9% others
[c]
[11]
Demonym
Indian
Government
Federal
parliamentary
constitutional
socialist
[12]
republic
[1]
•
President
Ram Nath Kovind
•
Vice-President
Venkaiah Naidu
•
Prime Minister
Narendra Modi
•
Chief Justice
Dipak Misra
•
Lok Sabha Speaker
Sumitra Mahajan
Legislature
Parliament of India
•
Upper house
Rajya Sabha
•
Lower house
Lok Sabha
Independence
from the
United Kingdom
•
Dominion
15 August 1947
•
Republic
26 January 1950
Area
•Total
3,287,263
[5]
km
2
(1,269,219sqmi)
[d]
(
7th
)
•Water(%)
9.6
Population
•2016estimate
1,324,171,354
[13]
(
2nd
)
•2011census
1,210,854,977
[14]
[15]
(
2nd
)
•Density
395.8/km
2
(1,025.1/sqmi) (
31st
)
GDP
(
PPP
)
2018estimate
•Total
$10.339 trillion
[16]
(
3rd
)
•Per capita
$7,749
[16]
(
116th
)
GDP
(nominal)
2018estimate
•Total
$2.654 trillion
[16]
(
5th
)
Maratha Empire
and in the 19th under the
British
East India Company
, later shifting to
British
crown rule
. A
nationalist movement
emerged in the late 19th century, which
later, under
Mahatma Gandhi
, was noted for
nonviolent resistance
and led to India's
independence in 1947.
In 2017, the
Indian economy
was the
world's
sixth largest
by nominal
GDP
and
third largest
by
purchasing power parity
.
[16]
Following
market-based economic reforms
in 1991, India became one of the
fastest-
growing major economies
and is considered
a
newly industrialised country
. However, it
continues to face the challenges of
poverty
,
corruption
,
malnutrition
, and
inadequate
public healthcare
. A
nuclear weapons state
and
regional power
, it has the
second largest
standing army
in the world and ranks
fifth in
military expenditure
among nations. India is
a
federal republic
governed under a
parliamentary system
and consists of
29
states and 7 union territories
. India is
widely recognized for its wide
cinema
, rich
cuisine
and lush
wildlife and vegetation
. It
is a
pluralistic
, multilingual and multi-
ethnic society and is also home to a
diversity of
wildlife
in a variety of
protected
habitats
.
Etymology
History
Ancient India
Medieval India
Early modern India
Modern India
Geography
Biodiversity
Politics
State level
and
Eighth Schedule
[7]
Contents
India - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India
2 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
•Per capita
$1,989
[16]
(
133rd
)
Gini
(2013)
33.9
[17]
medium
·
79th
HDI
(2015)
0.624
[18]
medium
·
131st
Currency
Indian rupee
(
₹
) (
INR
)
Time zone
IST
(
UTC
+05:30)
DST
is not observed
Date format
DD-MM-YYYY
Drives on the
left
Calling code
+91
ISO 3166 code
IN
Internet TLD
.in
Government
Subdivisions
Foreign relations and
military
Economy
Industries
Socio-economic challenges
Demographics
Culture
Art and architecture
Literature
Performing arts
Motion pictures, television
Cuisine
Society
Clothing
Sports
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
The name
India
is derived from
Indus
, which originates from the
Old Persian
word
Hindu
.
[20]
The latter term stems
from the
Sanskrit
word
Sindhu
, which was the historical local appellation for the
Indus River
.
[21]
The
ancient Greeks
referred to the Indians as
Indoi
(Ἰνδοί), which translates as "The people of the Indus".
[22]
The geographical term
Bharat
(
Bhārat
,
pronounced
[ˈbʱaːrət̪]
(
listen
)
), which is recognised by the
Constitution of
India
as an official name for the country,
[23]
is used by
many Indian languages
in its variations. It is a modernisation
of the historical name
Bharatavarsha
, which traditionally referred to the Indian subcontinent and gained increasing
currency from the mid-19th century as a native name for India.
[24]
[25]
Scholars believe it to be named after the
Vedic tribe of
Bhāratas
in the second millennium BCE.
[26]
It is also traditionally associated with the rule of the
legendary emperor
Bharata
.
[27]
The Hindu text
Skanda Purana
states that the region was named "Bharat" after
Bharata Chakravartin
.
Gaṇarājya
(literally, people's State) is the
Sanskrit
/
Hindi
term for "republic" dating back to
ancient times.
[28]
[29]
[30]
Hindustan
(
[ɦɪnd̪ʊˈst̪aːn]
(
listen
)
) is a
Persian
name for India dating back to the 3rd century BCE. It was introduced
into India by the
Mughals
and widely used since then. Its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed
northern India and
Pakistan
or India in its entirety.
[24]
[25]
[31]
Currently, the name may refer to either the northern
part of India or the entire country.
[31]
Etymology
India - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India
3 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
The earliest authenticated
human
remains in
South Asia
date to about 30,000 years ago.
[32]
Nearly contemporaneous
Mesolithic
rock art sites have been found in many parts of the Indian subcontinent, including at the
Bhimbetka rock
shelters
in
Madhya Pradesh
.
[33]
Around 7000 BCE, one of the first known
Neolithic
settlements appeared on the
subcontinent in
Mehrgarh
and other sites in the subcontinent.
[34]
These gradually developed into the
Indus Valley
Civilisation
,
[35]
the first urban culture in South Asia;
[36]
it flourished during 2500–1900 BCE in northeast
Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India.
[37]
Centred around cities such as
Mohenjo-daro
,
Harappa
,
Dholavira
,
and
Kalibangan
, and relying on varied forms of subsistence, the civilisation engaged robustly in crafts production and
wide-ranging trade.
[36]
During the period 2000–500 BCE, in terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the
Chalcolithic
to the
Iron Age
.
[38]
The
Vedas
, the oldest scriptures associated with
Hinduism
,
[39]
were composed
during this period,
[40]
and historians have analysed these to posit a
Vedic culture
in the
Punjab region
and the upper
Gangetic Plain
.
[38]
Most historians also consider this period to have encompassed several waves of
Indo-Aryan
migration
into the subcontinent from the north-west.
[39]
The
caste system
, which created a hierarchy of priests,
warriors, and free peasants, but which excluded indigenous peoples by labeling their occupations impure, arose
during this period.
[41]
On the
Deccan Plateau
, archaeological evidence from this period suggests the existence of a
chiefdom stage of political organisation.
[38]
In
South India
, a progression to sedentary life is indicated by the large
number of
megalithic
monuments dating from this period,
[42]
as well as by nearby traces of agriculture, irrigation
tanks, and craft traditions.
[42]
In the late
Vedic period
, around the 6th century BCE, the small states and
chiefdoms of the
Ganges
Plain and the north-western regions had consolidated
into 16 major oligarchies and monarchies that were known as the
mahajanapadas
.
[43]
[44]
The emerging urbanisation gave rise to non-Vedic
religious movements, two of which became independent religions. Jainism
came into prominence during the life of its exemplar,
Mahavira
.
[45]
Buddhism,
based on the teachings of
Gautama Buddha
, attracted followers from all social
classes excepting the middle class; chronicling the life of the Buddha was
central to the beginnings of recorded history in India.
[46]
[47]
[48]
In an age of
increasing urban wealth, both religions held up
renunciation
as an ideal,
[49]
and both established long-lasting monastic traditions. Politically, by the 3rd
century BCE, the kingdom of
Magadha
had annexed or reduced other states to
emerge as the
Mauryan Empire
.
[50]
The empire was once thought to have
controlled most of the subcontinent excepting the far south, but its core regions
are now thought to have been separated by large autonomous areas.
[51]
[52]
The Mauryan kings are known as much
for their empire-building and determined management of public life as for
Ashoka
's renunciation of militarism and
far-flung advocacy of the Buddhist
dhamma
.
[53]
[54]
The
Sangam literature
of the
Tamil language
reveals that, between 200 BCE and 200 CE, the southern peninsula was
being ruled by the
Cheras
, the
Cholas
, and the
Pandyas
, dynasties that
traded extensively with the Roman Empire
and
with
West
and
South-East Asia
.
[55]
[56]
In North India, Hinduism asserted patriarchal control within the family,
History
Ancient India
Paintings at the
Ajanta
Caves
in
Aurangabad,
Maharashtra
, 6th
century
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4 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
leading to increased subordination of women.
[57]
[50]
By the 4th and 5th centuries, the
Gupta Empire
had created in
the greater Ganges Plain a complex system of administration and taxation that became a model for later Indian
kingdoms.
[58]
[59]
Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion rather than the management of ritual
began to assert itself.
[60]
The renewal was reflected in a flowering of
sculpture
and
architecture
, which found patrons
among an urban elite.
[59]
Classical Sanskrit literature
flowered as well, and
Indian science
,
astronomy
,
medicine
, and
mathematics
made significant advances.
[59]
The Indian early medieval age, 600 CE to 1200 CE, is defined by regional
kingdoms and cultural diversity.
[61]
When
Harsha
of
Kannauj
, who ruled
much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from 606 to 647 CE, attempted to expand
southwards, he was defeated by the
Chalukya
ruler of the Deccan.
[62]
When
his successor attempted to expand eastwards, he was defeated by the
Pala
king
of
Bengal
.
[62]
When the Chalukyas attempted to expand southwards, they were
defeated by the
Pallavas
from farther south, who in turn were opposed by the
Pandyas
and the
Cholas
from still farther south.
[62]
No ruler of this period was
able to create an empire and consistently control lands much beyond his core
region.
[61]
During this time, pastoral peoples whose land had been cleared to
make way for the growing agricultural economy were accommodated within
caste society, as were new non-traditional ruling classes.
[63]
The caste system
consequently began to show regional differences.
[63]
In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first
devotional hymns
were created in the
Tamil language.
[64]
They were imitated all over India and led to both the
resurgence of Hinduism and the development of all
modern languages of the
subcontinent
.
[64]
Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they
patronised, drew citizens in great numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well.
[65]
Temple
towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation.
[65]
By the 8th and 9th
centuries, the effects were felt in South-East Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to
lands that became part of modern-day
Myanmar
,
Thailand
,
Laos
,
Cambodia
,
Vietnam
,
Philippines
,
Malaysia
, and
Java
.
[66]
Indian merchants, scholars, and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission; South-East Asians
took the initiative as well, with many sojourning in Indian seminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into
their languages.
[66]
After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using
swift-horse
cavalry and raising vast armies united
by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains, leading eventually to the
establishment of the Islamic
Delhi Sultanate
in 1206.
[67]
The sultanate was to control much of North India and to
make many forays into South India. Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast
non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs.
[68]
[69]
By repeatedly repulsing
Mongol raiders
in the
13th century, the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on West and Central Asia, setting the scene for
centuries of
migration
of fleeing soldiers, learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that region into the
subcontinent, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic culture in the north.
[70]
[71]
The sultanate's raiding and
weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India paved the way for the indigenous
Vijayanagara Empire
.
[72]
Embracing a strong
Shaivite
tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate, the empire came to
Medieval India
The granite
tower
of
Brihadeeswarar Temple
in
Thanjavur
was
completed in 1010 CE
by
Raja Raja Chola I
.
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5 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
control much of peninsular India,
[73]
and was to influence South Indian society for long afterwards.
[72]
In the early 16th century, northern India, being then under mainly Muslim
rulers,
[74]
fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation
of Central Asian warriors.
[75]
The resulting
Mughal Empire
did not stamp out
the local societies it came to rule, but rather balanced and pacified them
through new administrative practices
[76]
[77]
and diverse and inclusive ruling
elites,
[78]
leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule.
[79]
Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under
Akbar
, the
Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a
Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status.
[78]
The Mughal
state's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture
[80]
and
mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency,
[81]
caused
peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.
[79]
The relative peace maintained
by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic
expansion,
[79]
resulting in greater patronage of
painting
, literary forms,
textiles, and
architecture
.
[82]
Newly coherent social groups in northern and
western India, such as the
Marathas
, the
Rajputs
, and the
Sikhs
, gained military
and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or
adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience.
[83]
Expanding
commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and
political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India.
[83]
As the
empire disintegrated, many among these elites were able to seek and control their own affairs.
[84]
By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, a
number of European trading companies, including the English
East India Company
, had established coastal outposts.
[85]
[86]
The East India Company's control of the seas, greater resources, and more advanced military training and
technology led it to increasingly flex its military muscle and caused it to become attractive to a portion of the Indian
elite; these factors were crucial in allowing the company to gain control over the
Bengal
region by 1765 and sideline
the other European companies.
[87]
[85]
[88]
[89]
Its further access to the riches of Bengal and the subsequent increased
strength and size of its army enabled it to annex or subdue most of India by the 1820s.
[90]
India was then no longer
exporting manufactured goods as it long had, but was instead supplying the
British Empire
with raw materials, and
many historians consider this to be the onset of India's colonial period.
[85]
By this time, with its economic power
severely curtailed by the British parliament and effectively having been made an arm of British administration, the
company began to more consciously enter non-economic arenas such as education, social reform, and culture.
[91]
Historians consider India's modern age to have begun sometime between 1848 and 1885. The appointment in 1848 of
Lord Dalhousie
as Governor General of the East India Company set the stage for changes essential to a modern state.
These included the consolidation and demarcation of sovereignty, the surveillance of the population, and the
education of citizens. Technological changes—among them, railways, canals, and the telegraph—were introduced not
long after their introduction in
Europe
.
[92]
[93]
[94]
[95]
However, disaffection with the company also grew during this
Early modern India
Writing the will and
testament of the Mughal
king court in
Persian
,
1590–1595
Modern India
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6 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
time, and set off the
Indian Rebellion of 1857
. Fed by diverse
resentments and perceptions, including invasive British-style social
reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of some rich
landowners and princes, the rebellion rocked many regions of
northern and central India and shook the foundations of Company
rule.
[96]
[97]
Although the rebellion was suppressed by 1858, it led to
the dissolution of the East India Company and to the
direct
administration of India
by the British government. Proclaiming a
unitary state and a gradual but limited British-style parliamentary
system, the new rulers also protected princes and landed gentry as a
feudal safeguard against future unrest.
[98]
[99]
In the decades
following, public life gradually emerged all over India, leading
eventually to the founding of the
Indian National Congress
in
1885.
[100]
[101]
[102]
[103]
The rush of technology and the commercialisation of agriculture in
the second half of the 19th century was marked by economic
setbacks—many small farmers became dependent on the whims of
far-away markets.
[104]
There was an increase in the number of large-
scale
famines
,
[105]
and, despite the risks of infrastructure
development borne by Indian taxpayers, little industrial employment
was generated for Indians.
[106]
There were also salutary effects:
commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to
increased food production for internal consumption.
[107]
The railway
network provided critical famine relief,
[108]
notably reduced the cost
of moving goods,
[108]
and helped nascent Indian-owned
industry.
[107]
After World War I, in which approximately
one million Indians served
,
[109]
a new period began. It was marked by
British reforms
but also
repressive legislations
, by more strident Indian calls for self-rule, and by the beginnings of a
nonviolent
movement of non-co-operation, of which
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
would become the leader and
enduring symbol.
[110]
During the 1930s, slow legislative reform was enacted by the British; the Indian National
Congress won victories in the resulting elections.
[111]
The next decade was beset with crises:
Indian participation in
World War II
, the Congress's final push for non-co-operation, and an upsurge of Muslim nationalism. All were capped
by the advent of independence in 1947, but tempered by the
partition of India
into two states: India and Pakistan.
[112]
Vital to India's self-image as an independent nation was its constitution, completed in 1950, which put in place a
secular and democratic republic.
[113]
It has remained a democracy with civil liberties, an active Supreme Court, and
a largely independent press.
[114]
Economic liberalisation, which was begun in the 1990s, has created a large urban
middle class, transformed India into
one of the world's fastest-growing economies
,
[115]
and increased its geopolitical
clout. Indian movies, music, and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in global culture.
[114]
Yet, India is also
shaped by seemingly unyielding poverty, both rural and urban;
[114]
by
religious
and
caste-related violence
;
[116]
by
Maoist-inspired Naxalite insurgencies
;
[117]
and by
separatism in Jammu and Kashmir
and
in Northeast India
.
[118]
It
The British Indian Empire, from
the 1909 edition of
The Imperial
Gazetteer of India
. Areas
directly governed by the British
are shaded pink; the
princely
states
under British
suzerainty
are in yellow.
Jawaharlal Nehru
(left) became
India's first prime minister in
1947.
Mahatma Gandhi
(right)
led the independence
movement.
India - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India
7 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
has unresolved territorial disputes with
China
[119]
and with
Pakistan
.
[119]
The India–Pakistan nuclear rivalry came
to a head in 1998.
[120]
India's sustained democratic freedoms are unique among the world's newer nations; however,
in spite of its recent economic successes, freedom from want for its disadvantaged population remains a goal yet to be
achieved.
[121]
India comprises the bulk of the Indian subcontinent, lying atop the
Indian tectonic plate
, and part of the
Indo-Australian Plate
.
[122]
India's defining geological processes began 75 million years ago when
the Indian plate, then part of the southern supercontinent
Gondwana
,
began a north-eastward
drift
caused by
seafloor spreading
to its south-
west, and later, south and south-east.
[122]
Simultaneously, the vast
Tethyn
oceanic crust
, to its northeast, began to
subduct
under the
Eurasian plate
.
[122]
These dual processes, driven by convection in the
Earth's
mantle
, both created the
Indian Ocean
and caused the Indian
continental crust
eventually to under-thrust Eurasia and to uplift the
Himalayas
.
[122]
Immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate
movement created a vast
trough
that rapidly filled with river-borne
sediment
[123]
and now constitutes the
Indo-Gangetic Plain
.
[124]
Cut
off from the plain by the ancient
Aravalli Range
lies the
Thar Desert
.
[125]
The original Indian plate survives as
peninsular India
, the oldest and geologically most stable part of India. It extends
as far north as the
Satpura
and
Vindhya
ranges in central India. These parallel chains run from the Arabian Sea coast
in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich
Chota Nagpur Plateau
in Jharkhand in the east.
[126]
To the south, the remaining
peninsular landmass, the
Deccan Plateau
, is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as the
Western
and
Eastern Ghats
;
[127]
the plateau contains the country's oldest rock formations, some over one billion years old.
Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6° 44' and 35° 30' north latitude
[h]
and 68°
7' and 97° 25' east longitude.
[128]
India's coastline measures 7,517 kilometres (4,700mi) in length; of
this distance, 5,423 kilometres (3,400mi) belong to peninsular India
and 2,094 kilometres (1,300 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and
Lakshadweep island chains.
[129]
According to the Indian naval
hydrographic charts, the mainland coastline consists of the following:
43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46%
mudflats
or marshy shores.
[129]
Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India
include the
Ganges
and the
Brahmaputra
, both of which drain into the
Bay of Bengal
.
[130]
Important tributaries of the Ganges include the
Yamuna
and the
Kosi
; the latter's extremely low gradient often leads
to severe floods and course changes.
[131]
Major peninsular rivers,
whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, include
the
Godavari
, the
Mahanadi
, the
Kaveri
, and the
Krishna
, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal;
[132]
and the
Geography
A topographic map of India
The Kedar Range of the Greater
Himalayas rises behind
Kedarnath Temple
(Indian state
of
Uttarakhand
), which is one of
the twelve
jyotirlinga
shrines
.
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8 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
Narmada
and the
Tapti
, which drain into the
Arabian Sea
.
[133]
Coastal features include the marshy
Rann of Kutch
of
western India and the alluvial
Sundarbans
delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh.
[134]
India has
two
archipelagos
: the
Lakshadweep
,
coral atolls
off India's south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, a volcanic chain in the
Andaman Sea
.
[135]
The
Indian climate
is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the economically
and culturally pivotal summer and winter
monsoons
.
[136]
The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian
katabatic winds
from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes.
[137]
[138]
The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden south-west summer monsoon winds
that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall.
[136]
Four major climatic groupings
predominate in India:
tropical wet
,
tropical dry
,
subtropical humid
, and
montane
.
[139]
India lies within the
Indomalaya ecozone
and contains three
biodiversity hotspots
.
[141]
One of 17
megadiverse countries
, it hosts
8.6% of all mammalian, 13.7% of all avian, 7.9% of all reptilian, 6%
of all amphibian, 12.2% of all piscine, and 6.0% of all flowering plant
species.
[142]
[143]
About 21.2% of the country's landmass is covered
by forests (tree canopy density >10%), of which 12.2% comprises
moderately or very dense forests (tree canopy density >40%).
[144]
Endemism
is high among plants, 33%, and among
ecoregions
such as
the
shola
forests
.
[145]
Habitat ranges from the
tropical rainforest
of
the
Andaman Islands
,
Western Ghats
, and
North-East India
to the
coniferous forest
of the Himalaya. Between these extremes lie the
moist deciduous
sal
forest of eastern India; the dry deciduous
teak
forest of central and southern India; and the
babul
-dominated
thorn
forest
of the central Deccan and western Gangetic plain.
[146]
The
medicinal
neem
, widely used in rural Indian herbal remedies, is a key
Indian tree. The luxuriant
pipal
fig tree, shown on the seals of
Mohenjo-daro
, shaded Gautama Buddha as he sought
enlightenment.
Many Indian species descend from
taxa
originating in Gondwana, from which the
Indian plate
separated more than
105 million years
before present
.
[147]
Peninsular India
's subsequent
movement
towards and collision with the
Laurasian
landmass set off a mass exchange of species.
Epochal volcanism
and climatic changes 20 million years ago
forced a mass extinction.
[148]
Mammals then entered India from Asia through two
zoogeographical
passes flanking
the rising Himalaya.
[146]
Thus, while 45.8% of reptiles and 55.8% of amphibians are endemic, only 12.6% of
mammals and 4.5% of birds are.
[143]
Among them are the
Nilgiri leaf monkey
and
Beddome's toad
of the Western
Ghats. India contains 172
IUCN
-designated
threatened animal species
, or 2.9% of endangered forms.
[149]
These
include the
Asiatic lion
, the
Bengal tiger
, the
snow leopard
and the
Indian white-rumped vulture
, which, by ingesting
the carrion of
diclofenac
-laced cattle, nearly became extinct.
The pervasive and ecologically devastating human encroachment of recent decades has critically endangered Indian
wildlife. In response, the system of
national parks
and
protected areas
, first established in 1935, was substantially
expanded. In 1972, India enacted the
Wildlife Protection Act
[150]
and
Project Tiger
to safeguard crucial wilderness;
Biodiversity
The
lotus
(
Nelumbo nucifera
) is
the Indian national flower.
Hindus and Buddhists regard it
as a sacred symbol of
enlightenment.
[140]
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9 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980 and amendments added in 1988.
[151]
India hosts
more than five
hundred wildlife sanctuaries
and
thirteen biosphere reserves
,
[152]
four of which are part of the
World Network of
Biosphere Reserves
;
twenty-five wetlands
are registered under the
Ramsar Convention
.
[153]
India is the world's most populous democracy.
[154]
A parliamentary
republic with a
multi-party system
,
[155]
it has seven
recognised
national parties
, including the
Indian National Congress
and the
Bharatiya Janata Party
(BJP), and more than 40
regional parties
.
[156]
The Congress is considered centre-left in Indian
political
culture
,
[157]
and the BJP
right-wing
.
[158]
[159]
[160]
For most of the
period between 1950—when India first became a republic—and the
late 1980s, the Congress held a majority in the parliament. Since then,
however, it has increasingly shared the political stage with the
BJP,
[161]
as well as with powerful regional parties which have often
forced the creation of multi-party
coalitions
at the centre.
[162]
In the Republic of India's first three general elections, in 1951, 1957, and 1962, the
Jawaharlal Nehru
-led Congress
won easy victories. On Nehru's death in 1964,
Lal Bahadur Shastri
briefly became prime minister; he was succeeded,
after his own unexpected death in 1966, by
Indira Gandhi
, who went on to lead the Congress to election victories in
1967 and 1971. Following public discontent with the
state of emergency
she declared in 1975, the Congress was
voted out of power in 1977; the then-new
Janata Party
, which had opposed the emergency, was voted in. Its
government lasted just over three years. Voted back into power in 1980, the Congress saw a change in leadership in
1984, when Indira Gandhi was assassinated; she was succeeded by her son
Rajiv Gandhi
, who won an easy victory in
the general elections later that year. The Congress was voted out again in 1989 when a
National Front
coalition, led by
the newly formed
Janata Dal
in alliance with the
Left Front
, won the elections; that government too proved relatively
short-lived, lasting just under two years.
[163]
Elections were held again in 1991; no party won an absolute majority.
The Congress, as the largest single party, was able to form a
minority government
led by
P. V. Narasimha Rao
.
[164]
A two-year period of political turmoil followed the general election of
1996. Several short-lived alliances shared power at the centre. The
BJP formed a government briefly in 1996; it was followed by two
comparatively long-lasting
United Front
coalitions, which depended
on external support. In 1998, the BJP was able to form a successful
coalition, the
National Democratic Alliance
(NDA). Led by
Atal
Bihari Vajpayee
, the NDA became the first non-Congress,
coalition
government
to complete a five-year term.
[165]
In the
2004 Indian
general elections
, again no party won an absolute majority, but the
Congress emerged as the largest single party, forming another
successful coalition: the
United Progressive Alliance
(UPA). It had
the support of left-leaning parties and MPs who opposed the BJP. The
UPA returned to power in the
2009 general election
with increased numbers, and it no longer required external
support from
India's communist parties
.
[166]
That year,
Manmohan Singh
became the first prime minister since
Jawaharlal Nehru
in
1957
and
1962
to be re-elected to a consecutive five-year term.
[167]
In the
2014 general election
,
Politics
A parliamentary joint session
being held in the
Sansad
Bhavan
.
The
Rashtrapati Bhavan
is the
official residence of the
President of India.
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10 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
Flag
Tiranga
(Tricolour)
Emblem
Sarnath Lion
Capital
Language
None
[8]
[9]
[10]
Anthem
Jana Gana Mana
Song
Vande Mataram
Currency
₹
(
Indian rupee
)
Calendar
Saka
Animal
Tiger
(land)
River dolphin
(aquatic)
Bird
Indian peafowl
Flower
Lotus
Fruit
Mango
Tree
Banyan
River
Ganga
Game
Not declared
[177]
National symbols
[1]
the BJP became the first political party since 1984 to win a majority and govern without the support of other
parties.
[168]
The
Prime Minister
of India is
Narendra Modi
, who was formerly
Chief Minister
of
Gujarat
. On 20 July
2017,
Ram Nath Kovind
was elected India’s 14th President and took the oath of office on 25 July 2017.
[169]
[170]
[171]
India is a
federation
with a
parliamentary system
governed under the
Constitution of India
, which serves as the
country's supreme legal document. It is a constitutional republic and
representative democracy
, in which "
majority
rule
is tempered by
minority rights
protected by
law
".
Federalism in India
defines the power distribution between the
Union, or Central, government and the
states
. The government abides by constitutional
checks and balances
. The
Constitution of India, which came into effect on 26 January 1950,
[172]
states in its
preamble
that India is a
sovereign
,
socialist
,
secular
,
democratic
republic
.
[173]
India's form of government, traditionally described as "quasi-federal"
with a strong centre and weak states,
[174]
has grown increasingly federal since the late 1990s as a result of political,
economic, and social changes.
[175]
[176]
The Union government comprises three branches:
[178]
Executive
: The
President of India
is the head of
state
[179]
and is elected indirectly by a national
electoral college
[180]
for a five-year term.
[181]
The
Prime Minister of India
is the
head of government
and exercises most
executive power
.
[182]
Appointed
by the president,
[183]
the prime minister is by
convention supported by the
party
or political
alliance holding the majority of seats in the lower
house of parliament.
[182]
The executive branch of
the Indian government consists of the president,
the vice-president, and the
Council of Ministers
—
the
cabinet
being its executive committee—headed
by the prime minister. Any minister holding a
portfolio must be a member of one of the houses of
parliament.
[179]
In the Indian parliamentary system,
the executive is subordinate to the legislature; the
prime minister and his council are directly
responsible to the lower house of the parliament.
The
civil servants
are permanent executives and all
executive
decisions are implemented by them.
[184]
Legislative
: The legislature of India is the
bicameral
parliament
. It operates under a
Westminster-style
parliamentary system and comprises the upper
house called the
Rajya Sabha
("Council of States")
and the lower called the
Lok Sabha
("House of the
People").
[185]
The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body
that has 245 members who serve in staggered six-
year terms.
[186]
Most are elected indirectly by the
state and territorial
legislatures in
numbers proportional to their state's share of the national population.
[183]
All but two of
the Lok Sabha's 545 members are directly elected by popular vote; they represent
individual
constituencies
via five-year terms.
[187]
The remaining two members are
nominated by the president from among the
Anglo-Indian
community, in case the
president decides that they are not adequately represented.
[188]
Judicial
: India has a unitary three-tier
independent judiciary
[189]
that comprises the
Supreme Court
, headed by the
Chief Justice of India
, 24
High Courts
, and a large number
Government
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11 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
of trial courts.
[189]
The Supreme Court has
original jurisdiction
over cases involving
fundamental rights
and over disputes between states and the centre; it has
appellate
jurisdiction
over the High Courts.
[190]
It has the power both to declare the law and to
strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution,
[191]
as well as to
invalidate any government action it deems unconstitutional.
[192]
Subdivisions
A clickable map of the 29 states and 7 union territories
of India
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12 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
India is a federation composed of 29 states and 7
union territories
.
[193]
All states, as well as the union territories of
Puducherry
and the
National Capital Territory of Delhi
, have elected legislatures and governments, both patterned on
the
Westminster
model. The remaining five union territories are directly ruled by the centre through appointed
administrators. In 1956, under the
States Reorganisation Act
, states were reorganised on a linguistic basis.
[194]
Since
then, their structure has remained largely unchanged. Each state or union territory is further divided into
administrative
districts
. The districts in turn are further divided into
tehsils
and ultimately into villages.
Since its independence in 1947, India has maintained cordial relations with most nations. In the 1950s, it strongly
supported decolonisation in
Africa
and
Asia
and
played a lead role
in the
Non-Aligned Movement
.
[195]
In the late
1980s, the Indian military twice intervened abroad at the invitation of neighbouring countries: a
peace-keeping
operation
in
Sri Lanka
between 1987 and 1990; and an armed intervention to prevent a
1988 coup d'état attempt
in
Maldives. India has
tense relations
with neighbouring Pakistan; the two nations
have gone to war four times
: in
1947
,
1965
,
1971
, and
1999
. Three of these wars were fought over the
disputed territory of Kashmir
, while the fourth, the
1971 war, followed from India's support for the
independence of Bangladesh
.
[196]
After waging the 1962
Sino-Indian
War
and the 1965 war with Pakistan, India pursued close military and economic
ties with the Soviet Union
; by the
late 1960s, the Soviet Union was its largest arms supplier.
[197]
States
(1–29) &
Union territories
(A-G)
1.
Andhra Pradesh
19.
Nagaland
2.
Arunachal Pradesh
20.
Odisha
3.
Assam
21.
Punjab
4.
Bihar
22.
Rajasthan
5.
Chhattisgarh
23.
Sikkim
6.
Goa
24.
Tamil Nadu
7.
Gujarat
25.
Telangana
8.
Haryana
26.
Tripura
9.
Himachal Pradesh
27.
Uttar Pradesh
10.
Jammu and Kashmir
28.
Uttarakhand
11.
Jharkhand
29.
West Bengal
12.
Karnataka
A.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
13.
Kerala
B.
Chandigarh
14.
Madhya Pradesh
C.
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
15.
Maharashtra
D.
Daman and Diu
16.
Manipur
E.
Lakshadweep
17.
Meghalaya
F.
National Capital Territory of Delhi
18.
Mizoram
G.
Puducherry
Foreign relations and military
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13 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
Aside from ongoing strategic
relations with Russia
, India has wide-
ranging
defence relations with Israel
and
France
. In recent years, it
has played key roles in the
South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation
and the
World Trade Organisation
. The nation has
provided 100,000
military
and
police
personnel to serve in 35 UN
peacekeeping operations across four continents. It participates in the
East Asia Summit
, the
G8+5
, and other multilateral forums.
[198]
India has close economic ties with
South America
,
[199]
Asia, and
Africa; it pursues a
"Look East" policy
that seeks to strengthen
partnerships with the
ASEAN
nations,
Japan
, and
South Korea
that
revolve around many issues, but especially those involving economic
investment and regional security.
[200]
[201]
China's
nuclear test of 1964
, as well as its repeated threats to
intervene in support of Pakistan in the 1965 war, convinced India to
develop nuclear weapons.
[202]
India conducted its
first nuclear
weapons test
in 1974 and carried out
further underground testing
in
1998. Despite criticism and military sanctions, India has signed
neither the
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
nor the
Nuclear
Non-Proliferation Treaty
, considering both to be flawed and
discriminatory.
[203]
India maintains a "
no first use
" nuclear policy
and is developing a
nuclear triad
capability as a part of its "
minimum
credible deterrence
" doctrine.
[204]
[205]
It is developing a
ballistic
missile defence shield
and, in collaboration with Russia, a
fifth-generation fighter jet
.
[206]
Other indigenous military
projects involve the design and implementation of
Vikrant
-class aircraft carriers
and
Arihant
-class nuclear
submarines
.
[206]
Since the end of the
Cold War
, India has increased its economic, strategic, and military co-operation with the
United
States
and the
European Union
.
[207]
In 2008, a
civilian nuclear agreement
was signed between India and the United
States. Although India possessed nuclear weapons at the time and was not party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty, it received waivers from the
International Atomic Energy Agency
and the
Nuclear Suppliers Group
, ending
earlier restrictions on India's nuclear technology and commerce. As a consequence, India became the sixth
de facto
nuclear weapons state.
[208]
India subsequently signed co-operation agreements involving
civilian nuclear energy
with Russia,
[209]
France,
[210]
the
United Kingdom
,
[211]
and
Canada
.
[212]
The
President of India
is the supreme commander of the nation's armed forces; with 1.395 million active troops, they
compose the
world's second-largest military
. It comprises the
Indian Army
, the
Indian Navy
, the
Indian Air Force
, and
the
Indian Coast Guard
.
[213]
The official Indian
defence budget
for 2011 was US$36.03 billion, or 1.83% of
GDP.
[214]
For the fiscal year spanning 2012–2013, US$40.44 billion was budgeted.
[215]
According to a 2008
SIPRI
report, India's annual military expenditure in terms of purchasing power stood at US$72.7 billion.
[216]
In 2011, the
annual defence budget increased by 11.6%,
[217]
although this does not include funds that reach the military through
other branches of government.
[218]
As of 2012
, India is the world's largest arms importer; between 2007 and 2011, it
accounted for 10% of funds spent on international arms purchases.
[219]
Much of the military expenditure was
focused on defence against Pakistan and countering growing Chinese influence in the
Indian Ocean
.
[217]
Narendra Modi
meets
Vladimir
Putin
at the
2017 SCO summit
.
India and Russia share
extensive economic, defence,
and technological
ties
.
INS
Vikramaditya
, the
Indian
Navy's
biggest warship.
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According to the
International Monetary Fund
(IMF), the Indian
economy in 2017 was nominally worth US$2.454 trillion; it is the
sixth-largest economy by market exchange rates, and is, at US$9.489
trillion, the third-largest by
purchasing power parity
, or PPP.
[16]
With
its average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% over the past two
decades, and reaching 6.1% during 2011–12,
[220]
India is one of the
world's fastest-growing economies
.
[221]
However, the country ranks
140th in the world in
nominal GDP per capita
and 129th in
GDP per
capita at PPP
.
[222]
Until 1991, all Indian governments followed
protectionist
policies that were influenced by socialist economics.
Widespread
state intervention and regulation
largely walled the
economy off from the outside world. An acute
balance of payments
crisis in 1991
forced the nation to
liberalise its economy
;
[223]
since
then it has slowly moved towards a free-market system
[224]
[225]
by
emphasising both foreign trade and direct investment inflows.
[226]
India has been a member of
WTO
since 1 January 1995.
[227]
The 513.7-million-worker
Indian labour force
is the
world's second-largest
, as of 2016
.
[213]
The service sector makes
up 55.6% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.3% and the agricultural sector 18.1%. India's foreign exchange remittances
of US$70 billion in 2014, the largest in the world, contributed to its economy by 25 million Indians working in
foreign countries.
[228]
Major agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, and
potatoes.
[193]
Major industries include textiles, telecommunications, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology,
food processing, steel, transport equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, and software.
[193]
In 2006, the
share of external trade in India's GDP stood at 24%, up from 6% in 1985.
[224]
In 2008, India's share of world trade
was 1.68%;
[229]
In 2011, India was the world's
tenth-largest importer
and the
nineteenth-largest exporter
.
[230]
Major
exports include petroleum products, textile goods, jewellery, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and leather
manufactures.
[193]
Major imports include crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, and chemicals.
[193]
Between 2001
and 2011, the contribution of petrochemical and engineering goods to total exports grew from 14% to 42%.
[231]
India was the second largest textile exporter after China in the world in the calendar year 2013.
[232]
Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% for several years prior to 2007,
[224]
India has more than doubled its
hourly wage rates during the first decade of the 21st century.
[233]
Some 431 million Indians have left poverty since
1985; India's middle classes are projected to number around 580 million by 2030.
[234]
Though ranking 51st in
global
competitiveness
, India ranks 17th in financial market sophistication, 24th in the banking sector, 44th in business
sophistication, and 39th in innovation, ahead of several advanced economies, as of 2010
.
[235]
With 7 of the world's
top 15 information technology outsourcing companies based in India, the country is viewed as the second-most
favourable outsourcing destination after the United States, as of 2009
.
[236]
India's consumer market, the world's
eleventh-largest
, is expected to become fifth-largest by 2030.
[234]
However, hardly 2% of Indians pay
income
taxes
.
[237]
Driven by growth, India's nominal
GDP per capita
has steadily increased from US$329 in 1991, when economic
liberalisation began, to US$1,265 in 2010, to an estimated US$1,723 in 2016, and is expected to grow to US$2,358
by 2020;
[16]
however, it has remained lower than those of other Asian developing countries such as Indonesia,
Economy
Fishermen on the
Chinese
fishing nets
of
Cochin
.
Fisheries
in India
is a major industry in its
coastal states, employing over
14 million people. The annual
catch doubled between 1990
and 2010.
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Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, and is expected to remain so in the near future. However, it is higher
than Pakistan, Nepal, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and others.
[238]
According to a 2011
PricewaterhouseCoopers
report, India's GDP at purchasing power parity could overtake that of
the United States by 2045.
[239]
During the next four decades, Indian GDP is expected to grow at an annualised
average of 8%, making it potentially the world's fastest-growing major economy until 2050.
[239]
The report
highlights key growth factors: a young and rapidly growing working-age population; growth in the manufacturing
sector because of rising education and engineering skill levels; and sustained growth of the consumer market driven
by a rapidly growing middle-class.
[239]
The World Bank cautions that, for India to achieve its economic potential, it
must continue to focus on public sector reform,
transport infrastructure
, agricultural and rural development, removal
of labour regulations,
education
,
energy security
, and
public health
and nutrition.
[240]
According to the Worldwide Cost of Living Report 2017 released by the
Economist Intelligence Unit
(EIU) which
was created by comparing more than 400 individual prices across 160 products and services, four of the cheapest
cities were in India:
Bangalore
(3rd),
Mumbai
(5th),
Chennai
(5th) and
New Delhi
(8th).
[241]
India's
telecommunication industry
, the world's fastest-growing, added
227 million subscribers during the period 2010–11,
[242]
and after the
third quarter of 2017, India surpassed the US to become the second
largest smartphone market in the world after China.
[243]
The
Indian automotive industry
, the world's second fastest growing,
increased domestic sales by 26% during 2009–10,
[244]
and exports
by 36% during 2008–09.
[245]
India's capacity to generate electrical
power is 300 gigawatts, of which 42 gigawatts is
renewable
.
[246]
At
the end of 2011, the
Indian IT industry
employed 2.8 million
professionals, generated revenues close to US$100 billion equalling
7.5% of Indian GDP and contributed 26% of India's merchandise
exports.
[247]
The
pharmaceutical industry in India
is among the significant
emerging markets for the global pharmaceutical industry. The Indian
pharmaceutical market is expected to reach $48.5 billion by 2020.
India's R & D spending constitutes 60% of the
biopharmaceutical
industry.
[248]
[249]
India is among the top 12
biotech destinations of the world.
[250]
[251]
The Indian biotech industry grew by 15.1% in 2012–13, increasing its
revenues from 204.4 billion INR (Indian rupees) to 235.24 billion INR (3.94 B US$ – exchange rate June 2013: 1
US$ approx. 60 INR).
[252]
Despite economic growth during recent decades, India continues to face socio-economic challenges. In 2006, India
contained the
largest number
of people living below the World Bank's international poverty line of US$1.25 per
day,
[253]
the proportion having decreased from 60% in 1981 to 42% in 2005;
[254]
under its later revised poverty
line, it was 21% in 2011.
[i]
[256]
30.7% of India's children under the age of five are underweight.
[257]
According to a
Industries
The
Delhi Metro
rapid transit
system and the low-floor
CNG
buses.
Infrastructure
in India in
the next five years is estimated
to bring in $1 trillion in
investment, half of it by India's
private sector
.
Socio-economic challenges
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16 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
Food and Agriculture Organization
report in 2015, 15% of the population is undernourished.
[258]
[259]
The
Mid-Day
Meal Scheme
attempts to lower these rates.
[260]
According to a Walk Free Foundation report in 2016, there were 18.3 million people in India living in the forms of
modern slavery
, such as
bonded labour
,
child labour
, human trafficking, forced begging, among others.
[261]
[262]
[263]
According to 2011 census, there were 10.1 million child labourers in the country, a decline of 2.6
million from 12.6 million child labourers in 2001.
[264]
Since 1991,
economic inequality
between India's states has consistently grown: the per-capita
net state domestic
product
of the richest states in 2007 was 3.2 times that of the poorest.
[265]
Corruption in India
is perceived to have
decreased. According to
Corruption Perceptions Index
, India ranked 76th out of 176 countries in 2016, from 85th in
2014.
[266]
With 1,210,193,422 residents reported in the
2011 provisional census
report
,
[267]
India is the world's second-most populous country. Its population
grew by 17.64% during 2001–2011,
[268]
compared to 21.54% growth in the
previous decade (1991–2001).
[268]
The human sex ratio, according to the 2011
census, is 940 females per 1,000 males.
[267]
The median age was 27.6 as of
2016
.
[213]
The first post-colonial census, conducted in 1951, counted 361.1
million people.
[269]
Medical advances made in the last 50 years as well as
increased agricultural productivity brought about by the "
Green Revolution
"
have caused India's population to grow rapidly.
[270]
India continues to face
several public health-related challenges.
[271]
[272]
Life expectancy in India is at 68 years, with life expectancy for women being 69.6 years and for men being 67.3.
[273]
There are around 50 physicians per 100,000 Indians.
[274]
The number of Indians living in urban areas has grown by
31.2% between 1991 and 2001.
[275]
Yet, in 2001, over 70% lived in rural areas.
[276]
[277]
The level of urbanisation
increased from 27.81% in 2001 Census to 31.16% in 2011 Census. The slowing down of the overall growth rate of
population was due to the sharp decline in the growth rate in rural areas since 1991.
[278]
According to the 2011
census, there are 53
million-plus urban agglomerations in India
; among them
Mumbai
,
Delhi
,
Kolkata
,
Chennai
,
Bangalore
,
Hyderabad
and
Ahmedabad
, in decreasing order by population.
[279]
The literacy rate in 2011 was
74.04%: 65.46% among females and 82.14% among males.
[280]
The rural urban literacy gap which was 21.2
percentage points in 2001, dropped to 16.1 percentage points in 2011. The improvement in literacy rate in rural area
is two times that in urban areas.
[278]
Kerala is the most literate state with 93.91% literacy; while Bihar the least with
63.82%.
[280]
India is home to
two major language families
:
Indo-Aryan
(spoken by about 74% of the population) and
Dravidian
(spoken by 24% of the population). Other languages spoken in India come from the
Austroasiatic
and
Sino-Tibetan
language families. India has no national language.
[281]
Hindi, with the largest number of speakers, is the official
language of the government.
[282]
[283]
English is used extensively in business and administration and has the status
of a "subsidiary official language";
[4]
it is important in
education
, especially as a medium of higher education. Each
state and union territory has one or more official languages, and the constitution recognises in particular 22
"scheduled languages". The Constitution of India recognises 212
scheduled
tribal groups which together constitute
about 7.5% of the country's population.
[284]
The 2011 census reported that the
religion in India
with the largest
Demographics
An ascetic in
Varanasi
,
Uttar Pradesh
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17 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
number of followers was
Hinduism
(79.80% of the population), followed by
Islam
(14.23%); the remaining were
Christianity
(2.30%),
Sikhism
(1.72%),
Buddhism
(0.70%),
Jainism
(0.36%) and others
[c]
(0.9%).
[11]
India has the
world's largest Hindu, Sikh, Jain,
Zoroastrian
, and
Bahá'í populations
, and has the
third-largest
Muslim population—
the largest for a non-Muslim majority country.
[285]
[286]
Indian cultural history spans more than 4,500 years.
[287]
During the
Vedic period
(c. 1700 – 500 BCE), the foundations of
Hindu
philosophy
,
mythology
,
theology
and
literature
were laid, and many
beliefs and practices which still exist today, such as
dhárma
,
kárma
,
yóga
, and
mokṣa
, were established.
[22]
India is notable for its
religious diversity
, with
Hinduism
,
Buddhism
,
Sikhism
,
Islam
,
Christianity
, and
Jainism
among the nation's major religions.
[288]
The predominant religion, Hinduism, has been shaped by various
historical schools of thought, including those of the
Upanishads
,
[289]
the
Yoga Sutras
, the
Bhakti
movement
,
[288]
and by
Buddhist
philosophy
.
[290]
Much of
Indian architecture
, including the
Taj Mahal
, other works of
Mughal architecture
, and
South Indian architecture
, blends ancient
local traditions with imported styles.
[291]
Vernacular architecture
is
also highly regional in it flavours.
Vastu shastra
, literally "science of
construction" or "architecture" and ascribed to
Mamuni Mayan
,
[292]
explores how the laws of nature affect human dwellings;
[293]
it
employs precise geometry and directional alignments to reflect
perceived cosmic constructs.
[294]
As applied in
Hindu temple
architecture
, it is influenced by the
Shilpa Shastras
, a series of
foundational texts whose basic mythological form is the
Vastu-
Purusha mandala
, a square that embodied the "
absolute
".
[295]
The Taj Mahal, built in
Agra
between 1631 and 1648
by orders of Emperor
Shah Jahan
in memory of his wife, has been described in the
UNESCO World Heritage List
as
"the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage".
[296]
Indo-
Saracenic Revival architecture
, developed by the British in the late 19th century, drew on
Indo-Islamic
architecture
.
[297]
The earliest literary writings in India, composed between 1700 BCE and 1200 CE, were in the Sanskrit language.
[298]
[299]
Prominent works of this
Sanskrit literature
include
epics
such as the
Mahābhārata
and the
Ramayana
, the
dramas of
Kālidāsa
such as the
Abhijñānaśākuntalam
(
The Recognition of Śakuntalā
), and poetry such as the
Mahākāvya
.
[300]
[301]
[302]
Kamasutra
, the famous book about
sexual intercourse
also originated in India.
Developed between 600 BCE and 300 CE in South India, the
Sangam
literature
, consisting of 2,381 poems, is
Culture
A sculpture fashioned in the
Gandharan tradition
depicting
Gautama Buddha, founder of
Buddhism, at the Tokyo National
Museum
Art and architecture
Literature
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18 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
regarded as a predecessor of
Tamil literature
.
[303]
[304]
[305]
[306]
From the 14th to the 18th centuries, India's literary
traditions went through a period of drastic change because of the emergence of
devotional poets
such as
Kabīr
,
Tulsīdās
, and
Guru Nānak
. This period was characterised by a varied and wide spectrum of thought and expression;
as a consequence, medieval Indian literary works differed significantly from classical traditions.
[307]
In the 19th
century, Indian writers took a new interest in social questions and psychological descriptions. In the 20th century,
Indian literature was influenced by the
works
of Bengali poet and novelist
Rabindranath Tagore
,
[308]
who was a
recipient of the
Nobel Prize in Literature
.
Indian music
ranges over various traditions and regional styles.
Classical music
encompasses two genres and their various folk
offshoots: the northern
Hindustani
and southern
Carnatic
schools.
[309]
Regionalised popular forms include
filmi
and
folk
music
; the syncretic tradition of the
bauls
is a well-known form of the
latter.
Indian dance
also features diverse folk and classical forms.
Among the better-known
folk dances
are the
bhangra
of Punjab, the
bihu
of Assam, the
chhau
of Odisha, West Bengal and Jharkhand,
garba
and
dandiya
of Gujarat,
ghoomar
of Rajasthan, and the
lavani
of Maharashtra. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and
mythological elements, have been accorded
classical dance status
by
India's
National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama
. These are:
bharatanatyam
of the state of Tamil Nadu,
kathak
of Uttar Pradesh,
kathakali
and
mohiniyattam
of Kerala,
kuchipudi
of Andhra Pradesh,
manipuri
of Manipur,
odissi
of Odisha, and the
sattriya
of
Assam.
[310]
Theatre in India
melds music, dance, and improvised or
written dialogue.
[311]
Often based on Hindu mythology, but also
borrowing from medieval romances or social and political events,
Indian theatre includes the
bhavai
of Gujarat, the
jatra
of West
Bengal, the
nautanki
and
ramlila
of North India,
tamasha
of
Maharashtra,
burrakatha
of Andhra Pradesh,
terukkuttu
of Tamil Nadu, and the
yakshagana
of Karnataka.
[312]
India
has a theatre training institute
N.S.D
that is situated at
New Delhi
It is an autonomous organisation under the
Ministry
of Culture
,
Government of India
.
[313]
The
Indian film industry
produces the world's most-watched cinema.
[314]
Established regional cinematic traditions
exist in the
Assamese
,
Bengali
,
Bhojpuri
,
Hindi
,
Kannada
,
Malayalam
,
Punjabi
,
Gujarati
,
Marathi
,
Odia
,
Tamil
, and
Telugu
languages.
[315]
South Indian cinema attracts more than 75% of national film revenue.
[316]
Television broadcasting began in India in 1959 as a state-run medium of communication and had slow expansion for
more than two decades.
[317]
[318]
The
state monopoly
on television broadcast ended in the 1990s and, since then,
satellite channels have increasingly shaped popular culture of Indian society.
[319]
Today, television is the most
penetrative media in India; industry estimates indicate that as of 2012
there are over 554 million TV consumers, 462
million with satellite and/or cable connections, compared to other forms of mass media such as press (350 million),
Performing arts
Muria
tribal dancers in Bastar,
Chhattisgarh
Motion pictures, television
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19 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
radio (156 million) or internet (37 million).
[320]
Indian cuisine encompasses a wide variety of regional and traditional
cuisines, often depending on a particular
state
(such as
Maharashtrian
cuisine
).
Staple foods
of Indian cuisine include
pearl millet
(
bājra
),
rice
,
whole-wheat flour
(
aṭṭa
), and a variety of
lentils
, such as
masoor
(most often red
lentils
),
toor
(
pigeon peas
),
urad
(black gram), and
mong
(
mung beans
). Lentils may be used whole, dehusked—for
example,
dhuli moong
or
dhuli urad
—or split. Split lentils, or
dal
, are
used extensively.
[321]
The
spice trade
between India and Europe is
often cited by historians as the primary catalyst for Europe's
Age of
Discovery
.
[322]
Traditional Indian society is sometimes defined by social hierarchy. The
Indian caste system
embodies much of the
social stratification and many of the social restrictions found in the Indian subcontinent. Social classes are defined by
thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed as
jātis
, or "castes".
[323]
India declared untouchability to
be illegal
[324]
in 1947 and has since enacted other anti-discriminatory laws and social welfare initiatives. At the
workplace in urban India and in international or leading Indian companies, the caste related identification has pretty
much lost its importance.
[325]
[326]
Family values are important in the Indian tradition, and multi-generational patriarchal joint families have been the
norm in India, though nuclear families are becoming common in urban areas.
[327]
An overwhelming majority of
Indians, with their consent, have
their marriages arranged
by their parents or other elders in the family.
[328]
Marriage
is thought to be for life,
[328]
and the divorce rate is extremely low.
[329]
As of 2001
, just 1.6 percent of
Indian women
were divorced but this figure was rising due to their education and economic independence.
[329]
Child marriages
are
common, especially in rural areas; many women wed before reaching 18, which is their legal marriageable age.
[330]
Female infanticide
and
female foeticide in the country
have caused a discrepancy in the sex ratio, as of 2005
it was
estimated that there were 50 million more males than females in the nation.
[331]
[332]
However a report from 2011
has shown improvement in the gender ratio.
[333]
The payment of
dowry
, although
illegal
, remains widespread across
class lines.
[334]
Deaths resulting from dowry
, mostly from
bride burning
, are on the rise, despite stringent anti-dowry
laws.
[335]
Many
Indian festivals
are religious in origin. The best known include
Diwali
,
Ganesh Chaturthi
,
Thai Pongal
,
Holi
,
Durga Puja
,
Eid ul-Fitr
,
Bakr-Id
,
Christmas
, and
Vaisakhi
.
[336]
[337]
India has
three national holidays
which are
observed in all states and union territories –
Republic Day
,
Independence Day
and
Gandhi Jayanti
. Other sets of
holidays, varying between nine and twelve, are officially observed in individual states.
Cotton
was domesticated in India by 4000 BCE. Traditional
Indian dress
varies in colour and style across regions and
depends on various factors, including climate and faith. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as the
Cuisine
An assortment of
Indian spices
Society
Clothing
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20 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
sari
for women and the
dhoti
or
lungi
for men. Stitched clothes, such
as the
shalwar kameez
for women and
kurta
–
pyjama
combinations or
European-style trousers and shirts for men, are also popular.
[338]
Use
of delicate jewellery, modelled on real flowers worn in ancient India,
is part of a tradition dating back some 5,000 years; gemstones are also
worn in India as talismans.
[339]
In India, several traditional indigenous sports remain fairly popular,
such as
kabaddi
,
kho kho
,
pehlwani
and
gilli-danda
. Some of the
earliest forms of Asian
martial arts
, such as
kalarippayattu
,
musti
yuddha
,
silambam
, and
marma adi
, originated in India.
Chess
,
commonly held to have
originated in India
as
chaturaṅga
, is regaining
widespread popularity with the rise in the number of Indian
grandmasters
.
[340]
[341]
Pachisi
, from which
parcheesi
derives, was
played on a giant marble court by
Akbar
.
[342]
The improved results garnered by the
Indian Davis Cup team
and
other
Indian tennis players
in the early 2010s have made tennis
increasingly popular in the country.
[343]
India has a
comparatively
strong presence
in shooting sports, and has won several medals at the
Olympics
, the
World Shooting Championships
, and the
Commonwealth Games.
[344]
[345]
Other sports in which Indians have
succeeded internationally include
badminton
[346]
(
Saina Nehwal
and
P V Sindhu
are two of the top ranked female badminton players in the
world), boxing,
[347]
and wrestling.
[348]
Football
is popular in
West
Bengal
,
Goa
,
Tamil Nadu
,
Kerala
, and the
north-eastern states
.
[349]
India is scheduled to host the
2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup
.
[350]
Field hockey in India
is administered by
Hockey India
. The
Indian
national hockey team
won the 1975
Hockey World Cup
and have, as
of 2016
, taken eight gold, one silver, and two bronze Olympic medals,
making it the sport's most successful team in the Olympics.
India has also played a major role in popularising
cricket
. Thus,
cricket is, by far, the most popular sport in India. The
Indian national
cricket team
won the
1983
and
2011 Cricket World Cup
events, the
2007 ICC World Twenty20
, shared the
2002 ICC Champions Trophy
with Sri Lanka, and won
2013 ICC Champions Trophy
.
Cricket in
India
is administered by the
Board of Control for Cricket in India
(BCCI); the
Ranji Trophy
, the
Duleep Trophy
, the
Deodhar Trophy
, the
Irani Trophy
, and the
NKP Salve Challenger Trophy
are domestic competitions. The BCCI also
conducts an annual
Twenty20
competition known as the
Indian Premier League
.
India has hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events: the
1951
and
1982 Asian Games
; the
1987
,
1996
,
and
2011 Cricket World Cup
tournaments; the
2003 Afro-Asian Games
; the
2006 ICC Champions Trophy
; the
2010
Four activities of a Hindu priest,
clockwise from top left: (1)
preparing the deity for public
worship; (2) making
sandalwood
paste for ritual
blessing; (3) successively
dripping the altar with milk,
honey, dry fruit, yoghurt, and
bananas to make ambrosia; (4)
distributing the
Prasad
, food
viewed as blessed by the deity,
to the worshipers.
Sports
Girls play hopscotch in
Juara
,
Madhya Pradesh.
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21 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
Hockey World Cup
; and the
2010 Commonwealth Games
. Major international sporting events held annually in India
include the
Chennai Open
, the
Mumbai Marathon
, the
Delhi Half Marathon
, and the
Indian Masters
. The first
Formula 1
Indian Grand Prix
featured in late 2011 but has been discontinued from the F1 season calendar since
2014.
[351]
India has traditionally been the dominant country at the
South Asian Games
. An example of this dominance is the
basketball competition
where
Team India
won three out of four tournaments to date.
[352]
The
Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna
and the
Arjuna Award
are the highest forms of government recognition for athletic
achievement; the
Dronacharya Award
is awarded for excellence in coaching.
Outline of India
Index of India-related articles
"[...]
Jana Gana Mana
is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the
words as the Government may authorise as occasion arises; and the song
Vande
Mataram
, which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be
honoured equally with
Jana Gana Mana
and shall have equal status with it." (
Constituent
Assembly of India 1950
).
a.
Hindi
in the
Devanagari
script is the
official language
of the Union.
English
is an additional
official language for government work alongside Hindi.
[4]
[1]
[5]
States and union territories
can have a different official language of their own other than Hindi or English.
b.
Besides specific religions, the last two categories in the 2011 Census were "Other
religions and persuasions" (0.65%) and "Religion not stated" (0.23%).
c.
"The country's exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. The
Indian government lists the total area as 3,287,260km
2
(1,269,220sqmi) and the total
land area as 3,060,500km
2
(1,181,700sqmi); the United Nations lists the total area as
3,287,263km
2
(1,269,219sqmi) and total land area as 2,973,190km
2
(1,147,960sqmi)." (
Library of Congress 2004
).
d.
See
names of India in its official languages
.
e.
The
Government of India
also regards
Afghanistan
as a bordering country, as it considers
all of
Kashmir
to be part of India. However, this is
disputed
, and the region bordering
Afghanistan is administered by Pakistan. Source:
"Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of
Border Management)"
(
https://web.archive.org/web/20150317182910/http://mha.nic.in
/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf
)
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(
http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf
)
(PDF)
on 17 March 2015
.
Retrieved
1 September
2008
.
f.
Wright: "The Indus civilisation is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with
Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt, was a cradle of early civilisation in the Old World
(Childe 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer-lived, but coexisted with Indus
civilisation during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was
the most expansive, extending from today's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and
India."
[19]
g.
See also
Notes
India - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India
22 of 52 3/8/18, 11:58 AM
The northernmost point under Indian control is the disputed
Siachen Glacier
in
Jammu
and Kashmir
; however, the
Government of India
regards the entire region of the former
princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, including the
Gilgit-Baltistan
administered by
Pakistan, to be its territory. It therefore assigns the latitude 37° 6' to its northernmost
point.
h.
In 2015, the World Bank raised its international poverty line to $1.90 per day.
[255]
i.
National Informatics Centre 2005
.
1.
"National Symbols | National Portal of India"
(
https://india.gov.in/india-glance/national-
symbols
)
. India.gov.in.
Archived
(
https://web.archive.org/web/20170204121208/https:
//india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols
)
from the original on 4 February 2017
.
Retrieved
1 March
2017
.
"
The National Anthem of India Jana Gana Mana, composed
originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in its Hindi version by the
Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on 24 January 1950.
"
2.
Wolpert 2003
, p.1.
3.
Ministry of Home Affairs 1960
.
4.
"Profile | National Portal of India"
(
https://india.gov.in/india-glance/profile
)
. India.gov.in.
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"
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